Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38α and retinal ischemic preconditioning

In previous studies, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP) p38 significantly improved recovery and attenuated apoptosis after retinal ischemia in rats. Yet, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) attenuated the ischemia-induced increase in p38 expression. We hypothesized that p38 was required for induction of ischemic tolerance by IPC. We examined the mechanisms of involvement of p38 in IPC neuroprotection. IPC or ischemia was induced in rat retina in vivo. Recovery after ischemia performed 24 h after IPC was assessed functionally (electroretinography) and histologically at 7 d after ischemia in the presence or absence of inhibition of p38. We examined the role of p38 alpha in the mimicking of IPC produced by opening mitochondrial KATP channels using diazoxide, or stimulation of p38 activation by anisomycin. The importance of adenosine receptors in p38 activation after IPC was assessed using specific blockers of adenosine A1 and A2a receptors. Interfering RNA (siRNA) or SB203580 was used to block p38 alpha. Phosphorylated p38 levels were measured. Phosphorylated p38 protein increased with IPC. Interfering RNA (siRNA) to p38 alpha prior to IPC, or inhibiting p38 activation with SB203580, with ischemia following 24 h later, significantly attenuated the neuroprotective effect of IPC. Anisomycin administered to increase p38 mimicked IPC, an effect blocked by SB203580. IPC-mimicking with diazoxide, an opener of mitochondrial KATP channels, was diminished with p38 alpha siRNA. Adenosine receptor blockade did not decrease the elevated levels of phosphorylated p38 after IPC. Specific inhibition of p38 alpha suggests that this MAPK is involved in the protective effects of IPC, and that p38 is downstream of mitochondrial KATP channels, but not adenosine receptors, in this neuroprotection. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.