Transition of control in a partially automated vehicle: Effects of anticipation and non-driving-related task involvement

Vehicle automation is expected to improve traffic safety. However, previous research indicates that high levels of automation may bring about unintended consequences, specifically in relation to being out of the control loop of the vehicle, such as reduced monitoring of the task, situation awareness, and attention. These changes in driver behavior become especially important in the case of a manual takeover request by the vehicle. A driving simulator study was carried out to investigate the effect of anticipatory information and non-driving-related task involvement on drivers' monitoring behavior and transition of control while driving with a Traffic Jam Assist. The traffic jam assist handled lateral and longitudinal control at speeds below 50 km/h on a highway and required drivers to resume control beyond this system boundary. Anticipation was tested by sending a takeover request to the driver at 50 km/h (i.e. [anticipated] system boundary) or at 30 km/h (i.e. [unanticipated] system failure) and by traffic density preceding the takeover request, depending on the experimental condition. The results showed that the anticipatory information from the automated system influenced the monitoring behavior of the drivers preceding the transition of control, but not their performance during the takeover of control from the vehicle. Furthermore, despite relatively short reaction time to take over control of the vehicle, drivers needed a prolonged period to gain vehicle lateral control, regardless of the presence of anticipatory information or of a non-driving-related task. Performing a non-driving-related task resulted in a longer reaction time. Nevertheless, non-driving related task involvement did not have an effect on the vehicle lateral control or monitoring of the traffic environment. The results of this study highlight the importance of a transition period rather than pure reaction time during a takeover process. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.