Innovation and entrepreneurship in education, irreconcilable differences? A first approach through Spanish expert judgment

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to determine the differences and similarities between the terms entrepreneurship and innovation when they are implemented in teaching-learning processes involved in the education field and the main characteristics of entrepreneurial and innovative individuals. Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative methodology was used. A total of 21 Spanish experts in entrepreneurship and/or innovation in education at different levels participated in in-depth structured interviews. Findings - There seems to be some connection between entrepreneurship and innovation, as there are cases in which one involves the other. Although innovation is more related to the improvement of processes, products and services, entrepreneurship is linked to the creation and setting up of businesses. Educational entrepreneurship and innovation could be defined in the same way. Entrepreneurship education, in contrast to innovation education, encompasses innovation but goes beyond it. It includes curricula and long-lasting educational changes that are part of a more comprehensive organisational approach and educational plan, oriented to the accomplishment of teaching-learning outcomes. More characteristics were mentioned for entrepreneurs than for innovators. Originality/value - This study is an initial attempt to explore ideas from experts in education that could facilitate the work of teachers and educational stakeholders in a crucial area, entrepreneurial and/or innovative education. Having an entrepreneurial attitude is essential for individuals in a globalised society to successfully meet the challenges of the 21st century.