Heart rate fluctuation predicts mortality in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study

Background: To evaluate the association between heart rate (HR) fluctuation and mortality in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: A total of 27,814 patients were enrolled from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care database and were divided into 3 groups: low HR fluctuation [<25 beats per minute (bpm)], control (25-34 bpm), and high HR fluctuation (>= 35 bpm), based on the initial 24-hour HR fluctuation (calculated as the maximum HR minus minimum HR). Multivariate Cox regression and restricted cubic spline models were used. Results: Compared to the control group, higher risk of 28-day and 1-year mortality remained significant in an adjusted model, with hazard ratios of 1.210 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.103-1.327] and 1.150 (95% CI, 1.078-1.227), respectively, in the high HR fluctuation group, as well as hazard ratios of 1.130 (95% CI, 1.035-1.232) and 1.087 (95% CI, 1.022-1.157), respectively, in the low HR fluctuation group. Restricted cubic splines showed a U-type curve, with the lowest risk of mortality at an HR fluctuation of 30 bpm. Conclusions: This retrospective cohort study revealed that both high and low HR fluctuation correlated with increased mortality in critically ill ICU patients, providing new insights for optimizing HR control strategies.