RETRACTED: Laparoscopic radical and partial nephrectomy. An overview (Retracted Article)

Laparoscopy has been progressively gaining acceptance in the urologic arena. The start with renal surgery was slow; however, after complete establishment for benign indications the breakthrough occurred due to the success of laparoscopy in the field of oncologic surgery. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for stage T1 and T2 tumours, whether transperitoneal or retroperitoneal, can be performed safely. The surgical steps duplicate the open procedure. The overall complication rate is low and does not significantly differ from that of the open procedure. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is, in contrast, a technically challenging procedure despite its realisation laparoscopically. Although the intermediate outcomes are comparable to those of the open procedure, there are concerns related to warm ischemia time and the risk of major complications such as urinary leakage and haemorrhage requiring transfusion, so that it should be performed only in centres with expertise.