A binding site for steroidogenic factor-1 is part of a complex enhancer that mediates expression of the murine gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene

Expression of the GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) gene in the anterior pituitary gland, as with the genes encoding the gonadotropin subunits, is restricted to gonadotrophs. Thus, it is conceivable that a common mechanism is involved in activating cell-specific expression of these genes. in fact, expression of the alpha- and LH beta-subunit genes appears to require binding of the nuclear orphan receptor, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1). Here we have used DNA protein-binding assays to identify a high-affinity binding site for SF-1 in the proximal promoter of the murine GnRH-R gene. Southwestern blot analysis using this site as a radiolabeled probe revealed binding to a 53-kDa protein in alpha T3-1 cell extracts. Furthermore, mutation of this site led to a 58% reduction in promoter activity in the gonadotroph-derived alpha T3-1 cell line. Thus, SF-1 may represent at least one common pathway for gonadotroph-specific gene expression. In addition, we used block-replacement mutagenesis to functionally scan approximately 100 base pairs (bp) in a region that we had previously identified as critical for cell-specific promoter activity. Mutation of a partial palindrome located at -393 bp relative to the start of translation led to a 63% loss of promoter activity. Finally, a region containing both the SF-1: binding site and the -393 site was sufficient to stimulate cell-specific expression from a heterologous, minimal promoter. Thus, we suggest that a complex enhancer that includes a binding site for SF-1 mediates cell-specific expression of the GnRH-R gene.