The T790M "gatekeeper" mutation in EGFR mediates resistance to low concentrations of an irreversible EGFR inhibitor

Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase domain tend to respond well to the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, gefitinib and erlotinib. However, following clinical response, these patients typically relapse within a year of treatment. In many cases, resistance is caused by an acquired secondary EGFR kinase domain mutation, T790M. In vitro studies have shown that a new class of EGFR-irreversible inhibitors could overcome the resistance conferred by T790M. Clinical trials are under way to examine the efficacy of one of these inhibitors, HKI-272, in patients with NSCLC who initially responded to gefitinib/erlotinib and subsequently relapsed. To anticipate the possibility that patients who respond to irreversible inhibitors will develop secondary resistance to such inhibitors, as has been seen in other similar settings, we modeled acquired resistance to the dual EGFR/HER2-irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor HKI-272 in a NSCLC cell culture model. We found that HKI-272-resistant clones fall into two biochemical groups based on the retention of EGFR phosphorylation in the presence of the drug.. Cells that retain phosphorylated EGFR have acquired the secondary mutation T790M. Moreover, HKI-272 can overcome T790M resistance only at supra-pharmacologic concentrations. We further model mutations at EGFR C797 as a mechanism of resistance to irreversible EGFR inhibitors and show that although these mutants are resistant to the irreversible inhibitor, they retain erlotinib sensitivity. Our findings suggest that HKI-272 treatment at maximally tolerated dosing may lead to the emergence of T790M-mediated resistance, whereas treatment with a more potent irreversible inhibitor could yield a resistance mutation at EGFR C797.