Evolution of cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients

Background: The incidence of cytomegalovirus infection or reactivation is 8 times more frequent in transplant recipients than ain the general population. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and usefulness of different diagnostic techniques for cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. Patients and methods: Twenty nine renal transplant recipients were followed for at least five months. Cytomegalovirus infection was assessed by the presence of serum antibodies against the virus using ELISA and viral detection in urine and lymphocytes, using classical viral isolation shell vial assay, and detection of viral genome by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Prior to transplantation, 23 of 27 patients had IgG type anti cytomegalovirus antibodies. In 40%, IgM type antibodies were detected in some moment of the follow up. Three of these corresponded to seroconversion. Cytomegalovirus was detected in urine in 41% of patients and it was not detected in lymphocytes. Shell vial assay detected the virus in 5 of 13 urine samples and in 1 of 7 lymphocyte samples. Polymerase chain reaction was positive in 12 of the 29 patients. In six patients, an acute rejection was postulated and there was no relation of rejection episodes with viral detection. In two patients, a disease caused by cytomegalovirus was postulated. One of these patients had a seroconversion during followup. Conclusions: The prevalence of positive serum indices of cytomegalovirus infection was similar to that reported in the general population. However, the frequency of reactivation and viral disease was lower than that reported elsewhere. The techniques used in this study can be useful to confirm the suspicion of cytomegalovirus disease. However they do not predict the occurrence or evolution of the disease caused by the virus nor viral reactivation in renal transplant recipients.