Understanding immobility of a highly vulnerable coastal village in the Indian Sundarban

The Indian Sundarban is one of the most vulnerable eco-regions of the world and its vulnerability has increased manifold in the last two decades. Despite the insecurities and risks, people do not always migrate and often prefer to stay back by adjusting their lives and livelihood. This article explores the practice of immobility and the process of decision-making that results in immobility. Based on empirical research carried out at Gobardhanpur village in South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India, this article examines how people readjust themselves and remain voluntarily immobile instead of facing high vulnerability caused by different shocks or stresses. The empirical research was carried out with the help of both quantitative and qualitative research methods including household-level questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The findings show that whilst the region supports multiple occupations, fishing is the prime occupation of the people. During the monsoon period, diversification in terms of livelihood is low, as fishing supports maximum respondents. In contrast, low fish catch during the off-monsoon season is responsible for high livelihood diversification. Circular migration is a very common adaptive strategy to overcome the livelihood crisis during the off-monsoon season, especially amongst the younger members of the households. The remittances earned through circular migration supplement the household income and secure their livelihood. Moreover, institutional help, robust social networks and attachment to the place also play a role in controlling the decision of immobility.