Sensitive determination of ketamine, methylphenidate, and tramadol in urine and wastewater samples by Porous Aromatic Framework-48 assisted electromembrane extraction coupled with ion mobility spectrometer

A Porous Aromatic Framework-48 with the nitro functional groups (PAF-48-NO2) has been introduced as a new porous structure for boosting electromembrane extraction efficiency followed by ion mobility spectrometer. We developed this method by immobilizing PAF-48-NO2 into the microporous polypropylene hollow fibers for the extraction of three model basic drugs including Ketamine, Methylphenidate and Tramadol with different polarities (log P: 3.35, 2.25, and 2.45, respectively). The best extraction condition was obtained as following: 2-nitro phenyl octyl ether as organic solvent containing 3.0 mg mL(-1) of PAF-48-NO2 as sorbent, driving force of 180 V, extraction time of 20 min, pH of sample and acceptor solutions of 4.0 and 1.0, respectively, and stirring rate of 1000 rpm without any use of salt. The proposed PAF-48-NO2-electromembrane extraction method was found to be sensitive for the extraction of the model drugs in the optimized condition with good linearties (>0.998), limit of detection (1.5-3.6 ng mL(-1)), and high repeatability relative standard deviation 2.5-3.9%. In addition, the extraction efficiency of the proposed PAF-48-NO2-electromembrane extraction method was higher than the classical electromembrane extraction method. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of Ketamine, Methylphenidate, and Tramadol in various spiked samples such as urine and wastewater samples.