Numerical study on heat transfer efficiency for borehole heat exchangers in Linqu County, Shandong Province, China

Developing shallow geothermal energy with borehole heat exchangers helps energy supply and CO2 emission reduction. This paper comprehensively investigates the influencing factors on heat transfer efficiency of a single borehole heat exchanger based on the field investigations in Linqu County, Shandong Province, China. We built a three-dimensional numerical model validated by a thermal response test. We systemically investigated the influence of groundwater seepage, circulating water flow rate, pipes spacing and length, the operation interval, and the annual operation mode on the heat transfer efficiency. The results show that the heat transfer efficiency decreases with long-term operation due to surrounding soil's cold/heat accumulation. The groundwater seepage increases the heat transfer efficiency. The heat transfer efficiency increases with the pipe length, inlet and outlet pipes spacing, and operation interval. It decreases with the circulating water flow rate. The annual operation mode is of greatest importance in the heat transfer efficiency among the studied influencing factors. Compared to working only in winter, the average heat transfer efficiency coefficient increased by 0.152 when working in winter and summer. The results provide a reference for the practical installation and optimization of the borehole heat exchanger for sustainable utilization of shallow geothermal energy. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).