Soil microbial functioning and organic carbon storage: can complex timber tree stands mimic natural forests?

Conversion of natural forest to anthropogenic land use systems (LUS) often leads to considerable loss of carbon, however, proper management of these LUS may reverse the trend. A study was conducted in a semi-deciduous forest zone of Cote d'Ivoire to assess soil microbial functioning and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in varying tree stands, and to determine whether complex tree stands can mimic the natural forest in terms of these soil attributes. Tree plantations studied were monocultures of teak (Tectona grandis) and full-sun cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), and a mixture of four tree species (MTS) with Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea, Terminalia ivoriensis and Terminalia superba. An adjacent natural forest was considered as the reference. Each of these LUS had five replicate stands where soil (0-10 cm depth) samples were taken for physico-chemical parameters and microbial biomass-C (MBC), microbial activities, MBC/SOC ratio and metabolic quotient (qCO(2)). SOC and total N stocks were also calculated. The C mineralization rate (mg C-CO2 kg(-1)) and mineral N concentration (mg kg(-1)) drastically declined in the monocultures of cocoa (154.9 +/- 29.3 and 49.8 +/- 9.8, respectively) and teak (179.6 +/- 27.1 and 54.1 +/- 7.3) compared to the natural forest (258.4 +/- 21.9 and 108.7 +/- 12). However, values in MTS (194.7 +/- 24.6 and 105.4 +/- 7.4) were not significantly different from those in the natural forest. Similarly, SOC stocks in MTS (28.8 +/- 1.9 Mg ha(-1)) were not significantly different from those recorded in the natural forest (32.9 +/- 1.7 Mg ha(-1)) whereas teak (25.4 +/- 1.7 Mg ha(-1)) and cocoa (23.1 +/- 3.4 Mg ha(-1)) exhibited significantly lower values. Despite the acidic soil and recalcitrant litter conditions, increased MBC/SOC ratio and decreased qCO(2) were recorded in the monocrops, suggesting a probable increase in the fungi/bacteria ratio. The complex MTS stand was found to mimic the natural forest in terms of soil microbial activity and organic status, due to the provision of a diversity of litter quality, which may serve as a basis for developing a climate smart timber system in West and Central Africa.