A Rotational Measurement Scheme of Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Shallow Frozen Lake Characterization in Urban Environments

Surface nuclear magnetic resonance (sNMR) can directly and quantitatively detect groundwater, but its application in urban environments faces problems, such as low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and difficulties in laying the coils. This study presents a rotational sNMR measurement scheme to accurately image a frozen urban lake. Through synthetic data experiments, we first demonstrate that sNMR data measured with six rotations can accurately invert underground water-bearing structures. Even when the environmental noise is high, this scheme can reflect the distribution of the water content in a frozen lake. Moreover, due to the small coil size, the inversion result is less affected by the underground resistivity. In field experiments, a large amount of high-quality sNMR data with average SNRs up to 12.8 dB were obtained from a high-noise environment using three reference coils. The 2-D distributions of the water content in the ice, water, and mud layers of the frozen lake were determined using the data measured from six rotations. The water content in the lake was found to be approximately equal to 1 m(3)/m(3). Although there are still some problems with the measurements, such as inaccurate relaxation times and low resolutions in deep areas, further improvements in sNMR and the rotational detection scheme can facilitate the application of this approach to urban groundwater detection.