The anti-HIV potential of imidazole, oxazole and thiazole hybrids: A mini-review

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) especially HIV-1 infection and its progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains a significant global health challenge. The advent of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly extended the life expectancy of patients living with HIV, but it has become evident that long-term HAART will not eliminate the HIV reservoir and cure the infection. Moreover, the drug resistance and undesirable side effects hamper efficacious therapy, creating an urgent need to develop novel, more effective and less toxic anti-HIV therapeutics. Imidazole, oxazole and thiazole with two heteroatoms at meta-position of five-membered rings are fascinating structures and constitute an important class of heterocycles in drug discovery. Their derivatives could exert the anti-HIV activity through diverse mechanisms and possess promising antiviral activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant HIV strains. This review summarizes the research progress made regarding the anti-HIV potential of imidazole, oxazole and thiazole hybrids, and the structure-activity relationships (SARs) are also discussed to facilitate further rational design of more effective candidates, covering articles published from 2012 to 2022.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).