Identification of metastasis-associated genes by transcriptional profiling of a pair of metastatic versus non-metastatic human mammary carcinoma cell lines

Cell lines 4A4 and 2C5 are the respective metastatic and non-metastatic variants of the human mammary carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-435 in the nude mouse system. We compared the transcriptional profile of approximately 5000 full-length genes using the Affymetrix HuGene FL Array technology. We have shown that the metastatic phenotype is mediated by different functional categories of genes, e.g. genes involved in immune response, genes responsible for tumor antigens, genes involved in migration and invasion, genes involved in mediating signal transduction, genes responsible for transcription factors, genes involved in phospholipid signaling, genes involved in modulation of extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton, genes with a cell-type specific mode of expression and genes which do not fit into the subclasses as defined above. Our results suggest an important role of Autocrine Motility Factor (AMF) as a mediator of metastasis in this system.