Heat flow derived from BSR and its implications for gas hydrate stability zone in Shenhu Area of northern South China Sea

Bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs), known as the base of gas hydrate stability zone, have been recognized and mapped using good quality three-dimensional (3D) pre-stack migration seismic data in Shenhu Area of northern South China Sea. Additionally, seismic attribute technique has been applied to better constrain on the distribution of gas hydrate. The results demonstrate that gas hydrate is characterized by "blank" zone (low amplitude) in instantaneous amplitude attribute. The thickness of gas hydrate stability zone inferred from BSR ranges from 125 to 355 m with an average of 240 m at sea water depth from 950 to 1,600 m in this new gas hydrate province. The volume of gas in-place bound in hydrate is estimated from 1.7 x 10(9) to 4.8 x 10(9) m(3), with the most likely value of around 3.3 x 10(9) m(3), using Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, geothermal gradient and heat flow are derived from the depths of BSRs using a conductive heat transfer model. The geothermal gradient varies from 35 to 95A degrees C km(-1) with an average of 54A degrees C km(-1). Corresponding heat flow values range from 43 to 105 mW m(-2) with an average of 64 mW m(-2). By comparison with geological characteristics, we suggest that the distribution of gas hydrate and heat flow are largely associated with gas chimneys and faults, which are extensively distributed in Shenhu Area, providing easy pathways for fluids migrating into the gas hydrate stability zone for the formation of gas hydrate. This study can place useful constraints for modeling gas hydrate stability zone from measured heat flow data and understanding the mechanism of gas hydrate formation in Shenhu Area.