Electrochemical supercapacitors based on industrial carbon blacks in aqueous H2SO4

It is shown that industrial carbon blacks (CBs) are interesting materials for electrochemical supercapacitors (ECSCs). The specific areas A(s) ranged from 28 to 1690 m(2) g(-1). The highest values were realized through activation in CO(2) at 1100 degreesC. Precompacted carbon black electrodes with 5-10 wt% PTFE as a binder in the pellet in 10-12 M H(2)SO(4) were characterized by constant current cycling, CCC, j = 20-50 mA cm(-2). Voltage-time curves showed nearly pure capacitive behaviour. Specific capacitance of single electrodes, C(s,1), could be derived therefrom. A plot of C(s,1) against A(s) shows a linear behavior according to C(s,1) = C(A,DL)A(s), where C(A,DL) is the Helmholtz double layer capacitance per atomic surface area. Best fit was obtained with C(A,DL) = 16 muF cm(-2). The highest experimental values, C(s,1) = 250 F g(-1), are due to 60% of the theoretical maximum, which corresponds to an A(s) calculated from both faces of isolated graphene layers. Only marginal pseudocapacitances are observed. Model cells for ECSCs (with microporous Celgard(TM) separators) could be extensively cycled (CCC). A monopolar cell endured Z > 2000 cycles. Bipolar cells (5 units) allowed 700 cycles. Practical problems such as the development of electrode holders and of carbon black filled polypropylene composites for current collectors are discussed. It is concluded that entirely metal-free ECSCs with low cost can be produced.