Correction of radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity for rain attenuation at X band. Part II: Evaluation and application

In this paper, the attenuation-correction methodology presented in Part I is applied to radar measurements observed by the multiparameter radar at the X-band wavelength (MP-X) of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), and is evaluated by comparison with scattering simulations using ground-based disdrometer data. Further, effects of attenuation on the estimation of rainfall amounts and drop size distribution parameters are also investigated. The joint variability of the corrected reflectivity and differential reflectivity show good agreement with scattering simulations. In addition, specific attenuation and differential attenuation, which are derived in the correction procedure, show good agreement with scattering simulations. In addition, a composite rainfall-rate algorithm is proposed and evaluated by comparison with eight gauges. The radar-rainfall estimates from the uncorrected (or observed) Z(H) produce severe underestimation, even at short ranges from the radar and for stratiform rain events. On the contrary, the reflectivity-based rainfall estimates from the attenuation-corrected ZH does not show such severe underestimation and does show better agreement with rain gauge measurements. More accurate rainfall amounts can be obtained from a simple composite algorithm based on specific differential phase K-DP, with the R(Z(H-) cor) estimates being used for low rainfall rates (K-DP <= 0.3 degrees km(-1) or Z(H-) cor <= 35 dBZ). This improvement in accuracy of rainfall estimation based on KDP is a result of the insensitivity of the rainfall algorithm to natural variations of drop size distributions (DSDs). The Z(H), Z(DR), and K-DP data are also used to infer the parameters (median volume diameter D0 and normalized intercept parameter N-w) of a normalized gamma DSD. The retrieval of D-0 and Nw from the corrected radar data show good agreement with those from disdrometer data in terms of the respective relative frequency histograms. The results of this study demonstrate that high-quality hydrometeorological information on rain events such as rainfall amounts and DSDs can be derived from X-band polarimetric radars.