This paper investigates the late Holocene landscape development and settlement history of the central Bakircay valley (the ancient Kaikos valley) in western Turkey, which exemplifies a buried archaeological site approximately 12 km SW of Pergamon. A minimally intrusive geoarchaeological approach was applied by coupling an archaeological survey, geophysical exploration, geomorphological mapping and sedimentological analysis of drilling cores and pre-existing outcrops. The geomorphological and lithostratigraphical results imply that in the early and middle Holocene the site was situated on a depositional piedmont plain that was protected from the annual Bakircay floods. Over the past two millennia, the Bakircay flood plain was gradually aggraded and the site became prone to flooding. Despite the limitations of non-intrusive archaeological investigations, three scenarios were developed on the function and age of the buried site. Hence, the site was either a sanctuary from the 2nd century AD, a luxurious estate from the 4th-8th century AD, or a lime kiln from late Antique/Byzantine times. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
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Joint Res Ctr European Commiss, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
Free Univ Berlin, Dept Earth Sci, D-12249 Berlin, GermanyJoint Res Ctr European Commiss, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
Borrelli, Pasquale
Domdey, Christian
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Free Univ Berlin, Dept Earth Sci, D-12249 Berlin, GermanyJoint Res Ctr European Commiss, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
Domdey, Christian
Hoelzmann, Philipp
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Free Univ Berlin, Dept Earth Sci, D-12249 Berlin, GermanyJoint Res Ctr European Commiss, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
Hoelzmann, Philipp
Knitter, Daniel
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Free Univ Berlin, Dept Earth Sci, D-12249 Berlin, GermanyJoint Res Ctr European Commiss, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
Knitter, Daniel
Panagos, Panos
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Joint Res Ctr European Commiss, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21027 Ispra, VA, ItalyJoint Res Ctr European Commiss, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
Panagos, Panos
Schuett, Brigitta
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Free Univ Berlin, Dept Earth Sci, D-12249 Berlin, GermanyJoint Res Ctr European Commiss, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, I-21027 Ispra, VA, Italy