Distributed Real-Time Pricing Control for Large-Scale Unidirectional V2G With Multiple Energy Suppliers

With the increasing trend in adoption of plug-in hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles, they will play a prominent role in the future electric energy market by acting as responsive loads to increase the grid stability and facilitate the integration of renewables. However, due to the large number of controllable devices in the future grid, central vehicle to grid (V2G) management would be challenging and vulnerable to single points of failure. This paper introduces a novel distributed approach for optimal management of unidirectional V2G considering multiple energy suppliers. Each charging station as well as each energy supplier is equipped with a local price regulator to control the price paid to the energy suppliers and the price paid by the vehicles through coordination with their neighbors. In response to the updated prices, the vehicles adjust their charging rates and energy suppliers adjust their production to maximize their benefit. The main advantages of the proposed approach are that it manages unidirectional V2G in a fully distributed way considering multiple energy suppliers and vehicles, and it converges to the global optimum despite the greedy behavior of the individuals.