Detection of Foreign Materials on Broiler Breast Meat Using a Fusion of Visible Near-Infrared and Short-Wave Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging

Foreign material (FM) found on a poultry product lowers the quality and safety of the product. We developed a fusion method combining two hyperspectral imaging (HSI) modalities in the visible-near infrared (VNIR) range of 400-1000 nm and the short-wave infrared (SWIR) range of 1000-2500 nm for the detection of FMs on the surface of fresh raw broiler breast fillets. Thirty different types of FMs that could be commonly found in poultry processing plants were used as samples and prepared in two different sizes (5 x 5 mm(2) and 2 x 2 mm(2)). The accuracies of the developed Fusion model for detecting 2 x 2 mm(2) pieces of polymer, wood, and metal were 95%, 95%, and 81%, respectively, while the detection accuracies of the Fusion model for detecting 5 x 5 mm(2) pieces of polymer, wood, and metal were all 100%. The performance of the Fusion model was higher than the VNIR- and SWIR-based detection models by 18% and 5%, respectively, when F1 scores were compared, and by 38% and 5%, when average detection rates were compared. The study results suggested that the fusion of two HSI modalities could detect FMs more effectively than a single HSI modality.