IR/UV mixing, towers of species and swampland conjectures

By applying the Covariant Entropy Bound (CEB) to an EFT in a box of size 1/A(IR) one obtains that the UV and IR cut-offs of the EFT are necessarily correlated. We argue that in a theory of Quantum Gravity (QG) one should identify the UV cutoff with the 'species scale', and give a general algorithm to calculate it in the case of multiple towers becoming light.One then obtains an upper bound on the characteristic mass scale of the tower in terms of the IR cut-off, given by M-tower less than or similar to (Lambda(IR))(2 alpha D) in Planck units, with alpha D = (D - 2 + p)/2p(D -1), where p depends on the density of states. Identifying the IR cut-off with a (non-vanishing) curvature in AdS one reproduces the statement of the AdS Distance Conjecture (ADC), also giving an explicit lower bound for the alpha exponent. In particular, we find that the CEB implies alpha >= 1/2 in any dimension if there is a single KK tower, both in AdS and dS vacua. However values alpha < 1/2 are allowed if the particle tower is multiple or has a string component. We also consider the CKN constraint coming from avoiding gravitational collapse which further requires in general alpha >= 1/D for the lightest tower. We analyse the case of the DGKT-CFI class of Type IIA orientifold models and show it has both particle and string towers below the species scale, so that a careful analysis of how the ADC is defined is needed. We find that this class of models obey but do not saturate the CEB. The UV/IR constraints found apply to both AdS and dS vacua. We comment on possible applications of these ideas to the dS Swampland conjecture as well as to the observed dS phase of the universe.