Association of Differentiation State of CD4+T Cells and Disease Progression in HIV-1 Perinatally Infected Children

Background: In the USA, most HIV-1 infected children are on antiretroviral drug regimens, with many individuals surviving through adolescence and into adulthood. The course of HIV-1 infection in these children is variable, and understudied. Methodology/Principal Findings: We determined whether qualitative differences in immune cell subsets could explain a slower disease course in long term survivors with no evidence of immune suppression (LTS-NS; CD4%>= 25%) compared to those with severe immune suppression (LTS-SS; CD4%<= 15%). Subjects in the LTS-NS group had significantly higher frequencies of naive (CCR7+CD45RA+) and central memory (CCR7+CD45RA-) CD4+ T cells compared to LTS-SS subjects (p = 0.0005 and <0.0001, respectively). Subjects in the rapid progressing group had significantly higher levels of CD4+ T-EMRA (CCR7-CD45RA+) cells compared to slow progressing subjects (p<0.0001). Conclusions/Significance: Rapid disease progression in vertical infection is associated with significantly higher levels of CD4+ T-EMRA (CCR7-CD45RA+) cells.