Hybrid ISPAN/high-speed access network: A cost effective solution to high-speed rural Internet access network

Nowadays, Internet applications become more interactive, i.e., allow users to communicate with each other in real-time mode. This requires a mix of voice, data, and video to be carried on the same network in an adequate transmission rate. A number of two-way high-speed access networks have been proposed; however, they are not available or costly for home users who live in rural areas. Connecting home Internet users with a cost-effective high-speed access network, therefore, is a challenge for network operators. This paper proposed a use of high-speed technologies for downstream transmission in association with using an off-loading network for return direction as a cost-effective high-speed Internet access network for residences, particularly for residences who live in rural areas and in the areas where the two-way high-speed technologies are not available.