Damage to retinal ganglion cells due to elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is responsible for vision loss in glaucoma. Given that loss of these cells is irreversible, neuroprotection is crucial in the treatment of glaucoma. In this study, we investigated the possible antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of ghrelin on the retina in an experimental glaucoma model. Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups comprising seven rats each. The rats in the control group were not operated on and did not receive any treatment. In all rats in the other groups, IOP was increased by cauterization of the limbal veins. After creation of the IOP increase, saline 1 mL/kg or ghrelin 40 mu g/kg was administered intraperitoneally every day for 14 days in the vehicle control group and ghrelin groups, respectively. On day 14 of the study, the eyes were enucleated. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) in anterior chamber fluid were measured. The retinas were subjected to immunohistochemistry staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-100, and vimentin expression. Mean levels of MDA, NO, and NOS2 in the aqueous humor were higher in the vehicle control group than in the control group (P<0.05). Mean levels of MDA, NO, and NOS2 in the ghrelin group did not show a significant increase compared with levels in the control group (P>0.05). Retinal TUNEL and immunohistochemistry staining in the vehicle control group showed an increase in apoptosis and expression of GFAP, S-100, and vimentin compared with the control group (P<0.05). In the ghrelin group, apoptosis and expression of GFAP, S-100, and vimentin was significantly lower than in the vehicle control group (P<0.05). This study suggests that ghrelin has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects on the retina in an experimental glaucoma model.
机构:
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Monash Univ, Dept Physiol, Clayton, Vic 3183, AustraliaYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Andrews, Zane B.
Erion, Derek
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Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Erion, Derek
Beiler, Rudolph
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Yale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Beiler, Rudolph
Liu, Zhong-Wu
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Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Liu, Zhong-Wu
Abizaid, Alfonso
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Carleton Univ, Dept Psychol, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, CanadaYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Abizaid, Alfonso
Zigman, Jeffrey
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Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Dept Internal Med, Div Hypothalam Res, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Dept Internal Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab, Dallas, TX 75390 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Zigman, Jeffrey
Elsworth, John D.
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Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Elsworth, John D.
Savitt, Joseph M.
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Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Inst Cell Engn, Baltimore, MD 21287 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Savitt, Joseph M.
DiMarchi, Richard
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Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
Indiana Univ, Biochem Program, Bloomington, IN 47405 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
DiMarchi, Richard
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Tschoep, Matthias
Roth, Robert H.
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Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Roth, Robert H.
Gao, Xiao-Bing
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Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Gao, Xiao-Bing
Horvath, Tamas L.
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Yale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
机构:
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Monash Univ, Dept Physiol, Clayton, Vic 3183, AustraliaYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Andrews, Zane B.
Erion, Derek
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Erion, Derek
Beiler, Rudolph
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Beiler, Rudolph
Liu, Zhong-Wu
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Liu, Zhong-Wu
Abizaid, Alfonso
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Carleton Univ, Dept Psychol, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, CanadaYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Abizaid, Alfonso
Zigman, Jeffrey
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Dept Internal Med, Div Hypothalam Res, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
Univ Texas SW Med Ctr Dallas, Dept Internal Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab, Dallas, TX 75390 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Zigman, Jeffrey
Elsworth, John D.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Elsworth, John D.
Savitt, Joseph M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Inst Cell Engn, Baltimore, MD 21287 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Savitt, Joseph M.
DiMarchi, Richard
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
Indiana Univ, Biochem Program, Bloomington, IN 47405 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
DiMarchi, Richard
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h-index:
机构:
Tschoep, Matthias
Roth, Robert H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Roth, Robert H.
Gao, Xiao-Bing
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Gao, Xiao-Bing
Horvath, Tamas L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet Gynecol & Reprod Sci, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, New Haven, CT 06520 USAYale Univ, Sch Med, Comparat Med Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA