Deep blue emitting Cu(i) tripod complexes. Design of high quantum yield materials showing TADF-assisted phosphorescence

In a previous investigation, it was shown that [Cu(tpym)(PPh3)]PF(6)1 with tpym = tris(2-pyridyl)methane represents a deep blue emitter ((max) = 466 nm) though with a low emission quantum yield phi(PL) if doped in a polymer (7%) or dissolved in a fluid solvent (<<1%). In this study, we present new tripod compounds with sterically demanding ligands: [Cu(tpym)(P(o-tol)(3))]PF(6)2 and [Cu(tpym)(P(o-butyl-ph)(3))]PF(6)3 with P(o-tol)(3) = tris(ortho-tolyl)phosphine and P(o-butyl-ph)(3) = tris(ortho-n-butylphenyl)phosphine. These compounds show high emission quantum yields even in a fluid solution (dichloromethane) reaching a benchmark value for 3 of phi(PL) = 76%. This becomes possible due to the specific design of rigidifying the complexes. Importantly, the deep blue emission color is maintained or even further blue shifted to (max) = 452 nm (compound 3 powder). Compound 2 is characterized photophysically in detail. In particular, it is shown that the lowest excited triplet state T-1 experiences very efficient spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Accordingly, the phosphorescence decay rate is as large as 5 x 10(4) s(-1) (20 s) belonging to the fastest T-1 S-0 transition values (shortest decay times) reported so far. Investigations down to T = 1.5 K reveal a large total zero-field splitting (ZFS) of 7 cm(-1) (0.9 meV). Although thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) grows in at T 160 K, the phosphorescence of 2 still dominates (60%) over TADF (40%) at ambient temperature. Thus, the compound represents a singlet harvesting-plus-triplet harvesting material, if applied in an OLED.