Toxicological impact of nanoparticles on human health: A review

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing industry where nanomaterials are used in almost every field, including electronics, cosmetics, engineering, household products, biotechnology and medicine. Nanoparticles (NPs) have unique physical and chemical properties, which may cause potential hazards to human health, especially with constant exposure. Various studies have shown that NPs can enter the human body either through the respiratory tract, dermal absorption or via the gastrointestinal system and have the potential to cause respiratory disorders, behavioral changes, neurological disorders, as well as cancer. This review focuses on the health implications of NPs, specifically gold, silver, silica, titanium dioxide, aluminum, aluminum oxides, metal organic frameworks (MOF), aerosol particles, flame retardants, quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes. Herein, we discuss the routes of exposure and the impact of these nanoparticles on human health. We also summarize in-vitro and in-vivo studies that analyze the cytotoxicity profile and the associated health impact of these nanoparticles. This study could be utilized to develop well-defined guidelines for setting exposure limits for different NP types as well as a summary of related characteristics such as size, shape, morphology, and surface charge.