Stem bark of Fraxinus rhynchophylla ameliorates the severity of pancreatic fibrosis by regulating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a pathological fibroinflammatory syndrome of the pancreas. Currently, there are no therapeutic agents available for treating CP-associated pancreatic fibrosis. Fraxinus rhynchophylla (FR) reportedly exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antitumor activities. Although FR possesses numerous properties associated with the regulation of diverse diseases, the effects of FR on CP remain unknown. Herein, we examined the effects of FR on CP. For CP induction, mice were intraperitoneally administered cerulein (50 mu g/kg) 6 times a day, 4 days per week for 3 weeks. FR extract (100 or 400 mg/kg) or saline (control group) was intraperitoneally injected 1 hour before the first cerulein injection. After 3 weeks, the pancreas was harvested for histological analysis. In addition, pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) were isolated to examine the antifibrogenic effects and regulatory mechanisms of FR. Administration of FR significantly inhibited histological damage in the pancreas, increased pancreatic acinar cell survival, decreased PSC activation and collagen deposition, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, FR treatment inhibited the expression of fibrotic mediators, such as alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), collagen, fibronectin 1, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in isolated PSCs stimulated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Furthermore, FR treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of Smad 2/3 but not of Smad 1/5 in TGF-beta-stimulated PSCs. Collectively, these results suggest that FR ameliorates pancreatic fibrosis by inhibiting PSC activation during CP.