Biogeography and early diversification of Tapinotaspidini oil-bees support presence of Paleocene savannas in South America

Worldwide distributed tropical savannas were established only in the Miocene, with climatic cooling and rise of C4 grasses. However, there is evidence for an earlier presence of savanna-like vegetation in southern parts of South America. Here we investigated the biogeographic history of a Glade of solitary bees which have endemic groups in areas covered by savannas and other types of open vegetation as well as forested areas. We hypothesized that these bees originated in savanna-like biomes and that shifts to forested areas and floral host shifts increased species diversification along their evolutionary history. We reconstructed a comprehensive phylogeny for Tapinotaspidini bees based majorly on original DNA sequences. We then used macroevolutionary tools to estimate ancestral range area and reconstructed ancestral habitat (open versus forested) and host plant association to analyze the effects of shifts in vegetation type and flower hosts on their diversification. Tapinotaspidini bees originated in the Paleocene and in a savanna-type, Cerrado-like, which is reinforced by reconstruction of open vegetation as the most probable ancestral area, thus bringing additional evidence to a much earlier origin of this vegetation type in South America. Shifts to forested areas occurred at least three times in a period of 30 Ma and were responsible for slight increases in diversification rates. Malpighiaceae is the ancestral floral host; host broadening occurred only in the Miocene and at least in three occasions. Host shifts, i.e. from Malpighiaceae to other oil families, occurred in the Eocene and Miocene. Both host broadening and host shifts did not significantly alter diversification rates, however exploitation of other oil sources were important in occupying new habitats. The link between biomes and host plant shifts and changes in diversification rate brings us additional insights into the evolution of bees and associated flora in South America.