Kinetic Analysis of One-Step Solid-State Reaction for Li4Ti5O12/C

The kinetics of one-step solid-state reaction of Li4Ti5O12/C in a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere was first studied by means of thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis technique at five different heating rates. According to the double equal-double steps method, the Li4Ti5O12/C solid-state reaction mechanism could be properly described as the Jander equation, which was a three-dimensional diffusion with spherical symmetry, and the reaction mechanism functions were listed as follows f(alpha) = 3/2(1 - alpha)(2/3)(1 - alpha)1/](1/3)](-1), G(alpha) = [1 - (1 - alpha)(1/3)](2). In FWO method, average activation energy, frequency factor, and reaction order were 284.40 kJ mol(-1), 2.51 x 10(18) min(-1), and 1.01, respectively. However, the corresponding values in FRL method were 271.70 kJ mol(-1), 1.00 x 10(17) min(-1), and 0.96, respectively. Moreover, the values of enthalpy of activation, Gibbs free energy of activation, and entropy of activation at the peak temperature were 272.06 kJ mol(-1), 240.16 kJ mol(-1), and 44.24J mol(-1) K-1, respectively.