Targeting the Non-Canonical NF-κB Pathway in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma

In this study, we evaluated an NF-kappa B inducing kinase (NIK) inhibitor, CW15337, in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, CLL and multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and normal B- and T-lymphocytes. Basal NF-kappa B subunit activity was characterized using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the effects of NIK inhibition were then assessed in terms of cytotoxicity and the expression of nuclear NF-kappa B subunits following monoculture and co-culture with CD4OL-expressing fibroblasts, as a model of the lymphoid niche. CW15337 induced a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis, and nuclear expression of the non-canonical NF-kappa B subunit, p52, was correlated with sensitivity to CW15337 (p = 0.01; r(2) = 0.39). Co-culture on CD4OL-expressing cells induced both canonical and non-canonical subunit expression in nuclear extracts, which promoted in vitro resistance against fludarabine and ABT-199 (venetoclax) but not CW15337. Furthermore, the combination of CW15337 with fludarabine or ABT-199 showed cytotoxic synergy. Mechanistically, CW15337 caused the selective inhibition of non-canonical NF-kappa B subunits and the transcriptional repression of BCL2L1, BCL2A1 and MCL1 gene transcription. Taken together, these data suggest that the NIK inhibitor, CW15337, exerts its effects via suppression of the non-canonical NF-kappa B signaling pathway, which reverses BCL2 family-mediated resistance in the context of CD4OL stimulation.