A renewable future: a comprehensive perspective from materials to systems for next-generation batteries

Lithium-based batteries have been attractive as promising energy storage systems in recent decades and they have been widely available since rechargeable batteries are an integral part of human life. The batteries have been developed practically to meet qualitative and quantitative demands, such as high energy, long lifespan, light weight, and extensive size toward feasible electrification in the society. The tremendous limitations and challenges that face large-scale devices, such as electric vehicles and handheld equipment, are indicated in the present study. This review systematically classifies lithium batteries to explore their issues and breakthroughs for energy density increase, as well as systematic stability in diverse categories from fundamental materials (cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator) to complex design systems (all solid-state, anode-free) for the next generation and suggest a comprehensive perspective on the foreseeable future in the battery field.