The influence of social factors on genderaEuro health

被引：9

作者：

Aboulghar, M. ^{[2
]}

Albertini, D. F. ^{[3
]}

Allen, J. F. ^{[4
]}

Bhattacharya, S. ^{[5
,6
,7
]}

Cottingham Terralis C, J. ^{[8
]}

Evers, J. L. H. ^{[9
]}

Geraedts, J. P. M. ^{[10
]}

Glasier, A. ^{[11
]}

Hunt, K. ^{[12
]}

Hussein, J. ^{[13
]}

La Vecchia, C. ^{[14
]}

Luy, W. ^{[15
]}

Michaud, P-A. ^{[16
]}

Negri, E. ^{[17
]}

Peters, S. A. E. ^{[18
]}

Sethi, D. ^{[19
]}

Baird, D. T. ^{[20
]}

Crosignani, P. G. ^{[1
]}

Devroey, P. ^{[21
]}

Diedrich, K. ^{[22
]}

Farquharson, R. G. ^{[23
]}

Fraser, L. ^{[24
]}

Gianaroli, L. ^{[25
]}

Lundin, K. ^{[26
]}

Sunde, A. ^{[27
]}

Tapanainen, J. S. ^{[28
,29
,30
]}

Tarlatzis, B. ^{[31
]}

Van Steirteghem, A. ^{[32
]}

Veiga, A. ^{[33
]}

Volpe, A. ^{[34
]}

机构：

[1] IRCCS Ca Granda Fdn Maggiore Policlin Hosp, Via M Fanti 6, I-20122 Milan, Italy

[2] Middle East Fertil Soc Journal, Cairo, Egypt

[3] Ctr Human Reprod, Div Labs, New York, NY USA

[4] UCL, Res Dept Genet Evolut & Environm, London, England

[5] Univ Aberdeen, Aberdeen Matern Hosp, Reprod Med, Sch Med & Dent, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland

[6] Univ Aberdeen, Aberdeen Matern Hosp, Div Appl Hlth Sci, Sch Med & Dent, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland

[7] Univ Aberdeen, Aberdeen Matern Hosp, Inst Appl Hlth Sci, Sch Med & Dent, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland

[8] 110 Rue Nelson Mandela, F-74160 St Julien En Genevois, France

[9] Maastricht Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Maastricht, Netherlands

[10] Maastricht Univ, Dept Genet & Cell Biol, Maastricht, Netherlands

[11] Univ Edinburgh, Simpson Ctr Reprod Hlth, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland

[12] Univ Glasgow, MRC CSO Social & Publ Hlth Sci Unit, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland

[13] Univ Aberdeen, Sci Director Immpact, Hlth Sci Bldg,Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland

[14] Univ Milan, Dept Clin Sci & Community Hlth, Milan, Italy

[15] Austrian Acad Sci, Mortal Res Grp, Vienna Onstitute Demog, Vienna, Austria

[16] Univ Lausanne, Fac Biol & Med, Sch & Adolescent Hlth & Med Educ, Bussigny, Switzerland

[17] IRCCS Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri, Dept Epidemiol, Milan, Italy

[18] Univ Oxford, Epidemiol, George Inst Global Hlth, Nuffield Dept Populat Hlth,Oxford Martin Sch, Oxford, England

[19] UN City, Div Noncommunicable Dis & Life Course, Violence & Injury Prevent, Copenhagen, Denmark

[20] Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Reprod Biol, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Midlothian, Scotland

[21] Vrije Univ Brussel, Univ Ziekenhuis, Ctr Reprod Med, Brussels, Belgium

[22] Univ Klinikum Schleswig Holstein, Klin Frauenheilkunde & Geburtshilfe, Campus Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany

[23] Liverpool Womens Hosp, Dept OB GYN, Liverpool, Merseyside, England

[24] Kings Coll London, Sch Biomed & Hlth Sci, Reprod & Rhythms Grp, London WC2R 2LS, England

[25] SISMER, Reprod Med Unit, Bologna, Italy

[26] Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Reprod Med, Gothenburg, Sweden

[27] Univ Trondheim, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway

[28] Univ Helsinki, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Helsinki Univ Hosp, Helsinki, Finland

[29] Univ Oulu, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Oulu Univ Hosp, Oulu, Finland

[30] Med Res Ctr Oulu, Oulu, Finland

[31] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Human Reprod Unit, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol 1, Sch Med, Thessaloniki, Greece

[32] Vrije Univ Brussel, Univ Ziekenhuis, Ctr Reprod Med, Brussels, Belgium

[33] R D Hosp Univ Quiron Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain

[34] Univ Modena, Dipartimento Integrato Materno Infantile, I-41100 Modena, Italy

来源：

HUMAN REPRODUCTION | 2016年 / 31卷 / 08期

关键词：

health; life expectancy; gender; lifestyle; sex selective abortion; early and child marriage; violence against women; CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; RISK-FACTOR; LIFE EXPECTANCY; EXCESS MORTALITY; SEX-DIFFERENCES; 64; COHORTS; WOMEN; METAANALYSIS; SMOKING; MEN;

D O I：

10.1093/humrep/dew154

中图分类号：

R71 [妇产科学];

学科分类号：

100211 ;

摘要：

Male births exceed female births by 5-6% (for a sex ratio at birth of 1.05-1.06) while a women's life expectancy, on a global scale, is about 6 years longer. Thus within various age groups the male:female ratio changes over time. Until age 50 years men outnumber women; thereafter their numbers show a sharp decline. Consequently at age 80 years, there are many more women than men. An estimated 25% of this male excess mortality is due to biological causes, the rest being explained by behavioural, cultural and environmental factors. For both women and men, the main health risks related to lifestyle are smoking, alcohol, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. In the year 2010, overweight (BMI: 25-29 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI: > 30 kg/m(2)) were responsible for over 3 million deaths, with similar relative risks in men and women for overweight and obesity. Smoking and alcohol are the major causes of the global gender gap in mortality. For women in some parts of the world however pregnancy is also hazardous. On a global scale, in 2013 about 300 000 deaths were related to pregnancy, with sub-Saharan Africa registering the highest maternal mortality: over 500 maternal deaths per 100 000 births. Additional woman's health risks arise from gender discrimination, including sex-selective abortion, violence against women and early child marriage. Providers should be aware of the effect that these risks can have on both reproductive and general health.

引用

页码：1631 / 1637

页数：7

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