Two distinct monopartite begomovirus-betasatellite complexes in western India cause tomato leaf curl disease

In India, begomovirus infection causing tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) is a major constraint for tomato pro-ductivity. Here, we have identified two distinct monopartite begomovirus and betasatellite complexes causing ToLCD in the western part of India. A new monopartite begomovirus (Tomato leaf curl Mumbai virus, ToL-CMumV) and betasatellite (Tomato leaf curl Mumbai betasatellite, ToLCMumB) were isolated from the Mumbai sample. A distinct Tomato leaf curl Gandhinagar virus (ToLCGanV) and Tomato leaf curl Gandhinagar betasa-tellite (ToLCGanB) were identified from the Gandhinagar sample. Both of the cloned begomoviruses were recombinants. The demonstration of systemic infection caused by begomovirus (ToLCGanV or ToLCMumV) alone in N. benthamiana and tomato (a virus resistant variety) emphasizes that they were monopartite begomoviruses. Co-inoculation of cognate begomovirus and betasatellite reduces the incubation period and increases symptom severity. Thus, Koch?s postulates were satisfied for these virus complexes. Further, an enhanced accumulation of ToLCGanV was detected in the presence of cognate ToLCGanB, however ToLCMumB did not influence the level of ToLCMumV in the agro-inoculated tomato plants. Our results indicate that the cloned viruses form potential virus resistance breaking disease complexes in India. This necessitates to investigate the spread of these disease complexes to major tomato growing regions in the country.