Influence of Clinical Parameters on the Primary Stability of a Tapered Dental Implant: A Retrospective Analysis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different clinical parameters on the primary stability of a variable thread tapered implant system with a focus on surgical undersizing protocols. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated patients who received NobelActive implants in a single institution. The relationship between the independent variables, bone quality, implant diameter, implant length, implantation time, region of the jaw, and surgical undersizing protocol, and the dependent variable, maximum insertion torque, was investigated. Statistical analysis was conducted using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression. Results: A total of 1,292 implants placed in 574 fully or partially edentulous patients were evaluated. For the total sample size, without further differentiation between bone qualities, statistically significantly higher primary stability values were shown for an 8% to 9% undersized group (50.33 +/- 17.16 Ncm), compared with a 16% undersized group (41.88 +/- 17.63 Ncm), a 20% undersized group (33.65 +/- 15.78 Ncm), a 26% to 28% undersized group (34.53 +/- 15.49 Ncm), and a 35% to 44% undersized group (32.78 +/- 18.80 Ncm). No statistical differences were found for undersizing protocols in bone quality 4. Bone quality had the highest influence on primary stability (Welch-Test F(3, 65.57) = 119.48, P < .001, eta(2)= .20). Contrary to the other investigated independent variables, no statistically significant differences in primary stability were found for the different implantation times. Conclusion: Undersizing protocols exceeding 8% to 9% do not seem to enhance primary stability values. Further studies are needed to investigate the biologic consequences of undersizing, including the impact of implant design characteristics.