Coinfection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and human papillornavirus among patients attending STD clinics in Estonia

Women visiting Estonian STD clinics were subjected to PCR assay for human papillomavirus (HPV), Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum biovar 2. The overall prevalence of coinfection was 8%. The chlamydial infection was found to be associated with HPV, especially with high-risk HPV (OR = 2.5, p < 0.005) and most significantly in women over 41 y of age. C. trachomatis infection also occurred more frequently in U. urealyticum-infected than in U. urealyticum-free patients (OR 2.6, p = 0.02). U. urealyticum infection did not associate with HPV status. The clinical significance of the association between C. trachomatis and U. urelyticum infection remains to be elucidated.