Denoising influence on discrete frequency classification results for quantum cascade laser based infrared microscopy

Currently, there is great interest in bringing the application of IR spectroscopy into the clinic. This however will require a significant reduction in measurement time as Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) imaging takes hours to days to scan a clinically relevant specimen. A potential remedy for this issue is the use of Quantum Cascade Laser Infrared (QCL IR) microscopy performed in Discrete Frequency (DF) mode for maximum speed gain. This gain could be furthermore improved by applying a proper denoising algorithm that takes into account the specific data structure. We have recently compared spectral and spatial denoising techniques in the context of Fourier Transform IR (FT-IR) imaging and showed that the optimal methods depend heavily on the exact data structure. In general multivariate denoising methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) are the most effective for a dataset containing multiple bands. Histologic classification of QCL IR images of pancreatic tissue using Random Forest was therefore performed to investigate which denoising schemes are the most optimal for such experimental data structure. This work is the first to show the effects of denoising on classification accuracy of QCL data and is likely to be transferable to other QCL microscopes and other modalities using DF imaging, e.g. AFM-IR or CARS/SRS imaging. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.