Nanoporous core@shell particles: Design, preparation, applications in bioadsorption and biocatalysis

Core@shell particles with controlled structure and morphology are gradually attracting attention due to their unique properties and potential applications related to electronics, catalysis, sustainability and biomedicine. In particular, the design of nanoporous core@shell particles has emerged as a key focus in recent years because of their ultra-high surface area, tunable porous structure and orientation, which play vital roles in bioadsorption and biocatalysis. In this review, we start with a brief introduction of the structures and properties of nanoporous core@shell particles, followed by a summary of their application in bioadsorption and biocatalysis. Then, we surveyed the design and preparation of these core@shell particles, including the structure and surface chemistry that will affect the particles function in bioadsorption and biocatalysis which is then correlated with the synthesis methods. Finally, we highlight the bioadsorption and biocatalysis application of nanoporous core@shell particles, how they benefit from their physical characteristics (i.e. porosity and size) before concluding with perspectives on the future directions for this topic. There is great potential for nanoporous core@shell particles to reach high biomolecular loading capacities for bioadsorption applications as well as improved catalytic efficiencies as biocatalytic materials due to their unique nanostructure, composition and biocompatibility. This review aims to guide researchers towards understanding the latest research progress in these fields, with the ultimate goal being to influence future developments in these areas. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.