The influence of air temperature, groundwater discharge, and climate change on the thermal diversity of stream fishes in southern Ontario watersheds

The availability of suitable thermal habitat for fishes in streams is influenced by several factors, including flow, channel morphology, riparian vegetation, and land use. This study examined the influence of air temperature and groundwater discharge, predictors of stream temperature, on the thermal diversity (cold-, cool-, and warm-water preferences) of stream fish Communities in southern Ontario watersheds. Site-level fish sampling data were used to assess the thermal diversity of 43 quaternary watersheds using three metrics, the proportion of sites within a watershed having (i) cold-, (ii) cool-, and (iii) warm-water fishes. Our results indicated that 53.9% of the variances in cold-water and 54.1% of the variances in warm-water fish distributions within the watersheds could be attributed to groundwater discharge and air temperature variables. Climate change scenarios suggested that watersheds with high groundwater discharge and the associated thermal diversity of fishes within those watersheds are less sensitive to climate change than watersheds with low groundwater discharge. Conservation Of groundwater resources will be required to lessen climate change impacts on the thermal habitat and thermal diversity of stream fishes in southern Ontario watersheds.