Toxicokinetics of captan and folpet biomarkers in orally exposed volunteers

The time courses of key biomarkers of exposure to captan and folpet was assessed in accessible biological matrices of orally exposed volunteers. Ten volunteers ingested 1?mg kg-1 body weight of captan or folpet. Blood samples were withdrawn at fixed time periods over the 72?h following ingestion and complete urine voids were collected over 96?h post-dosing. The tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI) metabolite of captan along with the phthalimide (PI) and phthalic acid metabolites of folpet were then quantified in these samples. Plasma levels of THPI and PI increased progressively after ingestion, reaching peak values similar to 10 and 6?h post-dosing, respectively; subsequent elimination phase appeared monophasic with a mean elimination half-life (t1/2) of 15.7 and 31.5?h, respectively. In urine, elimination rate time courses of PI and phthalic acid evolved in parallel, with respective t(1/2) of 27.3 and 27.6?h; relatively faster elimination was found for THPI, with mean t(1/2) of 11.7?h. However, phthalic acid was present in urine in 1000-fold higher amounts than PI. In the 96?h period post-treatment, on average 25% of folpet dose was excreted in urine as phthalic acid as compared with only 0.02% as PI. The corresponding value for THPI was 3.5%. Overall, THPI and PI appear as interesting biomarkers of recent exposure, with relatively short half-lives; their sensitivity to assess exposure in field studies should be further verified. Although not a metabolite specific to folpet, the concomitant use of phthalic acid as a major biomarker of exposure to folpet should also be considered. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.