Stratified Turbulence and Mixing Efficiency in a Salt Wedge Estuary

High-resolution observations of velocity, salinity, and turbulence quantities were collected in a salt wedge estuary to quantify the efficiency of stratified mixing in a high-energy environment. During the ebb tide, a midwater column layer of strong shear and stratification developed, exhibiting near-critical gradient Richardson numbers and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rates greater than 10(-4) m(2) s(-3), based on inertial subrange spectra. Collocated estimates of scalar variance dissipation from microconductivity sensors were used to estimate buoyancy flux and the flux Richardson number Ri(f). The majority of the samples were outside the boundary layer, based on the ratio of Ozmidov and boundary length scales, and had a mean Ri(f) = 0.23 +/- 0.01 (dissipation flux coefficient = 0.30 +/- 0.02) and a median gradient Richardson number Ri(g) = 0.25. The boundary-influenced subset of the data had decreased efficiency, with Ri(f) = 0.17 +/- 0.02 ( = 0.20 +/- 0.03) and median Ri(g) = 0.16. The relationship between Ri(f) and Ri(g) was consistent with a turbulent Prandtl number of 1. Acoustic backscatter imagery revealed coherent braids in the mixing layer during the early ebb and a transition to more homogeneous turbulence in the midebb. A temporal trend in efficiency was also visible, with higher efficiency in the early ebb and lower efficiency in the late ebb when the bottom boundary layer had greater influence on the flow. These findings show that mixing efficiency of turbulence in a continuously forced, energetic, free shear layer can be significantly greater than the broadly cited upper bound from Osborn of 0.15-0.17.