IL-6/STAT3 signaling activation exacerbates high fructose-induced podocyte hypertrophy by ketohexokinase-A-mediated tristetraprolin down-regulation

Glomerular hypertrophy is a crucial factor of severe podocyte damage and proteinuria. Our previous study showed that high fructose induced podocyte injury. The current study aimed to explore a novel molecular mechanism underlying podocyte hypertrophy induced by high fructose. Here we demonstrated for the first time that high fructose significantly initiated the hypertrophy in rat glomeruli and differentiated human podocytes (HPCs). Consistently, it induced inflammatory response with the down-regulation of anti-inflammatory factor zinc-finger protein tristetraprolin (TTP) and the activation of interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in these animal and cell models. Subsequently, high-expression of microRNA-92a-3p (miR-92a-3p) and its target protein cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57 (P57) downregulation, representing abnormal proliferation and apoptosis, were observed in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, high fructose increased ketohexokinase-A (KHK-A) expression in rat glomeruli and differentiated HPCs. Exogenous IL-6 stimulation up-regulated IL-6/STAT3 signaling and miR-92a-3p, reduced P57 expression and promoted podocyte proliferation, apoptosis and hypertrophy in vitro. The data from anti-inflammatory agent maslinic acid treatment or TTP siRNA transfection showed that high fructose may decrease TTP to activate IL-6/STAT3 signaling in podocyte overproliferation and apoptosis, causing podocyte hypertrophy. Whereas, KHK-A siRNA transfection remarkably restored high fructose-induced TTP down-regulation, IL-6/STAT3 signaling activation, podocyte overproliferation, apoptosis and hypertrophy in differentiated HPCs. Taken together, these results suggested that high fructose possibly increased KHK-A expression to down-regulate TTP, subsequently activated IL-6/STAT3 signaling to interfere with podocyte proliferation and apoptosis by up-regulating miR-92a-3p to suppress P57 expression, causing podocyte hypertrophy. Therefore, the inactivation of IL-6/STAT3 to relieve podocyte hypertrophy mediated by inhibiting KHK-A to increase TTP may be a novel strategy for high fructose diet-associated podocyte injury and proteinuria.