Effects of joint alignment and type on mechanical properties of thermoplastic articulated ankle-foot orthosis

Background: Articulated or hinged ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) allow more range of motion. However, quantitative investigation on articulated AFO is still sparse. Objective: The objective of the study was to quantitatively investigate effects of alignment and joint types on mechanical properties of the thermoplastic articulated AFO. Study design: Tamarack dorsiflexion assist flexure joints with three durometers (75, 85 and 95) and free motion joint were tested. The AFO joint was aligned with the center of the motor shaft (surrogate ankle joint), 10 mm superior, inferior, anterior and posterior with respect to the motor shaft center. Methods: The AFO was passively moved from 20 degrees plantar flexion to 15 degrees dorsiflexion at a speed of 10 degrees/s using a motorized device. Mechanical properties including index of hysteresis, passive resistance torque and quasi-static stiffness (at neutral, 5 degrees, 10 degrees and 15 degrees in plantar flexion) were quantified. Results: Significant effects of joint types and joint alignment on the mechanical properties of an articulated thermoplastic AFO were revealed. Specifically, center alignment showed minimum resistance and stiffness while anterior and posterior alignment showed significantly higher resistance and stiffness. The dorsiflexion assist torques at neutral position ranged from 0.69 +/- 0.09 to 1.88 +/- 0.10 Nm. Conclusions: Anterior and posterior alignment should be avoided as much as possible.