A Meta-Analysis of the Safety and Efficacy of Maintenance Therapies for Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Small-Vessel Vasculitis

Introduction: To compare the efficacy and safety of different regimens used for maintenance of remission in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) vasculitis. Methods: This network meta-analysis studied adult patients with ANCA vasculitis in complete remission, who were maintained with various regimens, excluding patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and those who have ended up in end-stage kidney disease. Outcomes of interest included relapse (any/major), relapse-free survival, and adverse effects. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar were systematically searched from inception. Results: Overall, the meta-analysis was based on 10 reports, describing the outcomes of 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 752 patients with ANCA vasculitis. Relapse-free survival was significantly worse with the use of azathioprine (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.19-3.74), methotrexate (HR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.24-5.08), and mycophenolate mofetil (HR: 3.57, 95% CI: 1.70-7.46) compared with the use of rituximab. Outcomes estimated for azathioprine (HR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.94), cyclophosphamide (HR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.20-0.75), and leflunomide (HR: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.11-0.84) were better than those for mycophenolate mofetil. When examining relapse-free survival, relapses were more likely with use of azathioprine (odds ratio [OR]: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.00-4.59) and mycophenolate mofetil (OR: 4.42, 95% CI: 1.63-11.94) compared with the use of rituximab. The risk of major relapse calculated for azathioprine (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.10- 5.19), methotrexate (OR: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.14-8.89), and mycophenolate mofetil (OR: 5.20, 95% CI: 1.65-16.37) was higher than that for rituximab. The rates of serious adverse effects did not differ significantly among interventions. Conclusion: Rituximab appears predominant in maintaining remission in patients with ANCA vasculitis with no cost in adverse events. (C) 2022 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc.