Relationship between tongue pressure and handgrip strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives Muscle strength decreases with age, causing a decline in physical and oro-facial function. However, the impact of physiological and pathophysiological factors on tongue pressure (TP) has not been clarified. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare and analyse TP and handgrip strength (HGS) between individuals aged <60 and >= 60 years, gender and need for care (independent older adults (IC) and older adults receiving nursing care (NC)). Furthermore, the effect of HGS in physical function on TP was examined. Methods Human clinical studies reporting HGS and TP were searched systematically using PubMed and Ichushi-Web published from 1969 to Nov 2021. Random-effects meta-regressions were performed to compare between subgroups and to examine the association between HGS and TP (alpha < .05). Results Forty-four studies with a total of 10 343 subjects were included. TP and HGS values were significantly higher in people aged <60 years relative to >= 60 years and in IC relative to NC (all p < .001). Regarding gender, there was no significant difference in TP (p = .370). However, a significant gender-dependent difference in TP was observed in people aged <60 years (p < .001), but not in aged >= 60 years in IC group (p = .118) and aged >= 60 years in NC group (p = .895). There was a significant positive correlation of HGS and TP (p < .001). Conclusions Similar to decrease in HGS, age-related sarcopaenia seems to have an effect on oro-facial muscles like the tongue. Research on rehabilitation measures for oro-facial muscle strength, similar to HGS might be beneficial to improve the personally acquired oro-facial potential.