Massive transfusion and trauma patient management: pathophysiological approach to treatment

Bleeding that requires massive blood transfusion is one of the main causes of cardiac arrest and death in the operating room. Its mortality varies widely between 15 and 54%, and it is strongly related to multiple factors such as acidosis, hypothermia and hypocoagulation. We undertook this study to describe the mechanisms that perpetuate bleeding during massive hemorrhage and the particular issues under the different clinical conditions of controlled and uncontrolled tissue damage. Laboratory tests for coagulation status diagnosis as well as treatment guidelines for usage of different fluid replacement solutions and hemoderivatives are described. A well-established response plan is needed by the surgical team and the blood bank in order to quickly facilitate blood products to the patient. Measures to avoid hypothermia and availability of rapid infusion systems are also necessary.