Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease in adults and children and is currently the third most common indication for liver transplantation in North America. Its pathogenesis is thought to be secondary to multiple "hits" derived from the dietary components, adipose tissue, immune system, and intestinal microbiota. Lack of physical activity may contribute as well. Nutrients may exert their effect directly or through alteration of the intestinal microbiota. Research focusing on specific dietary components predisposing to NAFLD has shown conflicting results. Total energy intake, and macronutrients, has been linked to the development of NAFLD. Fructose not only contributes to hepatic steatosis but may trigger inflammatory signals as well. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are thought to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The role of vitamins as well as minerals in this field is actively being investigated. In this review, we discuss the evidence-linking macronutrients (such as carbohydrates and fat in general and fructose, fiber, short chain fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty, and choline specifically) and micronutrients (such as vitamin E and C and minerals) with the development and treatment of NAFLD. We also discuss the literature on physical activity and NAFLD.
机构:
Ziv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Holy Family Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Nazareth, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Abid, Ali
Taha, Ola
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Holy Family Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Nazareth, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Taha, Ola
Nseir, William
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Holy Family Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Nazareth, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Nseir, William
Farah, Raymond
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Ziv Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Safed, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Farah, Raymond
Grosovski, Maria
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机构:
Ort Braude Coll, Dept Biotechnol, Karmiel, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Grosovski, Maria
Assy, Nimer
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h-index: 0
机构:
Ziv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Technion Israel Inst Technol, Fac Med, Haifa, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
机构:
Gen Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Oberndorf, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Aigner, Elmar
Theurl, Igor
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h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Theurl, Igor
Haufe, Heike
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h-index: 0
机构:
Private Med Univ Salzburg, Dept Pathol, Salzburg, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Haufe, Heike
Seifert, Markus
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h-index: 0
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Med Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Seifert, Markus
Hohla, Florian
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h-index: 0
机构:
Gen Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Oberndorf, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Hohla, Florian
Scharinger, Ludwig
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Gen Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Oberndorf, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Scharinger, Ludwig
Stickel, Felix
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Bern, Dept Clin Pharmacol, Bern, SwitzerlandMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Stickel, Felix
Mourlane, Frederic
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h-index: 0
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Univ Bern, Dept Clin Pharmacol, Bern, SwitzerlandMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Mourlane, Frederic
Weiss, Guenter
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Med Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Weiss, Guenter
Datz, Christian
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h-index: 0
机构:
Gen Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Oberndorf, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
机构:
Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Top Inst Food & Nutr, NL-6709 PA Wageningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Al-Lahham, Sa'ad H.
Roelofsen, Han
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Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Roelofsen, Han
Priebe, Marion
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Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Priebe, Marion
Weening, Desiree
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Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Weening, Desiree
Dijkstra, Martijn
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Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Dijkstra, Martijn
Hoek, Annemieke
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机构:
Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, NL-9713 GZ Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Hoek, Annemieke
Rezaee, Farhad
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h-index: 0
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Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Rezaee, Farhad
Venema, Koen
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h-index: 0
机构:
Top Inst Food & Nutr, NL-6709 PA Wageningen, Netherlands
TNO Qual Life, Dept Biosci, NL-3704 HE Zeist, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Venema, Koen
Vonk, Roel J.
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Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USAUniv N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Barritt, A. Sidney
Dellon, Evan S.
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Univ N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USAUniv N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Dellon, Evan S.
Kozlowski, Tomasz
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Surg, Div Abdominal Transplant, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USAUniv N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Kozlowski, Tomasz
Gerber, David A.
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Univ N Carolina, Dept Surg, Div Abdominal Transplant, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USAUniv N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Gerber, David A.
Hayashi, Paul H.
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Univ N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USAUniv N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
机构:
Ziv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Holy Family Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Nazareth, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Abid, Ali
Taha, Ola
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Holy Family Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Nazareth, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Taha, Ola
Nseir, William
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Holy Family Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Nazareth, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Nseir, William
Farah, Raymond
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Ziv Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Safed, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Farah, Raymond
Grosovski, Maria
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Ort Braude Coll, Dept Biotechnol, Karmiel, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Grosovski, Maria
Assy, Nimer
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Ziv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
Technion Israel Inst Technol, Fac Med, Haifa, IsraelZiv Med Ctr, Liver Unit, IL-13100 Safed, Israel
机构:
Gen Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Oberndorf, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Aigner, Elmar
Theurl, Igor
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Theurl, Igor
Haufe, Heike
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Private Med Univ Salzburg, Dept Pathol, Salzburg, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Haufe, Heike
Seifert, Markus
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Seifert, Markus
Hohla, Florian
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h-index: 0
机构:
Gen Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Oberndorf, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Hohla, Florian
Scharinger, Ludwig
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Gen Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Oberndorf, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Scharinger, Ludwig
Stickel, Felix
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Bern, Dept Clin Pharmacol, Bern, SwitzerlandMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Stickel, Felix
Mourlane, Frederic
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Bern, Dept Clin Pharmacol, Bern, SwitzerlandMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Mourlane, Frederic
Weiss, Guenter
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h-index: 0
机构:
Med Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Weiss, Guenter
Datz, Christian
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Gen Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Oberndorf, AustriaMed Univ Innsbruck, Dept Gen Internal Med Clin Immunol & Infect Dis, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
机构:
Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Top Inst Food & Nutr, NL-6709 PA Wageningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Al-Lahham, Sa'ad H.
Roelofsen, Han
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Roelofsen, Han
Priebe, Marion
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Priebe, Marion
Weening, Desiree
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Weening, Desiree
Dijkstra, Martijn
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Dijkstra, Martijn
Hoek, Annemieke
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, NL-9713 GZ Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Hoek, Annemieke
Rezaee, Farhad
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Rezaee, Farhad
Venema, Koen
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Top Inst Food & Nutr, NL-6709 PA Wageningen, Netherlands
TNO Qual Life, Dept Biosci, NL-3704 HE Zeist, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
Venema, Koen
Vonk, Roel J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, NetherlandsUniv Groningen, Ctr Med Biom, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, NL-9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USAUniv N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Barritt, A. Sidney
Dellon, Evan S.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USAUniv N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Dellon, Evan S.
Kozlowski, Tomasz
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Surg, Div Abdominal Transplant, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USAUniv N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Kozlowski, Tomasz
Gerber, David A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Dept Surg, Div Abdominal Transplant, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USAUniv N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
Gerber, David A.
Hayashi, Paul H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USAUniv N Carolina, Div Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Dept Med, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA