The effect of soil properties on zinc lability and solubility in soils of Ethiopia - an isotopic dilution study

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a widespread nutritional problem in human populations, especially in subSaharan Africa (SSA). The Zn concentration of crops consumed depends in part on the Zn status of the soil. Improved understanding of factors controlling the phyto-availability of Zn in soils can contribute to potential agronomic interventions to tackle Zn deficiency, but many soil types in SSA are poorly studied. Soil samples (n = 475) were collected from a large part of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia, where there is widespread Zn deficiency. Zinc status was quantified by measuring several fractions, including the pseudo-total (aqua regia digestion; Zn-Tot), available (DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetate) extractable; Zn-DTPA), soluble (dissolved in 0.01MCa(NO3); Zn-Soln) and isotopically exchangeable Zn, using the enriched stable Zn isotope Zn-70 (ZnE). Soil geochemical properties were assessed for their influence on Zn lability and solubility. A parameterized geochemical assemblage model (Windermere Humic Aqueous Model - WHAM) was also employed to predict the solid phase fractionation of Zn in tropical soils rather than using sequential chemical extractions. Zn-Tot ranged from 14.1 to 291 mg kg(-1) (median D 100 mg kg(-1)), whereas Zn-DTPA in the majority of soil samples was less than 0.5 mg kg 1, indicating widespread phyto-available Zn deficiency in these soils. The labile fraction of Zn in soil (Zn-E as % Zn-Tot) was low, with median and mean values of 4.7% and 8.0 %, respectively. Labile Zn partitioning between the solid and the solution phases of soil was highly pH dependent, where 94% of the variation in the partitioning coefficient of 70Zn was explained by soil pH. Similarly, 86% of the variation in Zn-Soln was explained by soil pH. Zinc distribution between adsorbed Zn-E and Zn-Soln was controlled by pH. Notably, Zn isotopic exchangeability increased with soil pH. This contrasts with literature on contaminated and urban soils and may arise from covarying factors, such as contrasting soil clay mineralogy across the pH range of the soils used in the current study. These results could be used to improve agronomic interventions to tackle Zn deficiency in SSA.