Gambogic Acid Deactivates Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Thioredoxins by Covalent Binding to the Functional Domain

Gambogic acid (1) is a cytotoxic caged xanthone derived from the resin of Garcinia hanburyi. Compound 1 selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells, at least partially, by targeting the stress response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the molecular mechanism of ROS toxicity stimulated by 1 remains poorly understood. In this study, mass spectrometric and biochemical pharmacological approaches were used that resulted in the identification of both cytosolic thioredoxin (TRX-1) and mitochondria! thioredoxin (TRX-2) as the molecular targets of 1. The results obtained showed that 1 deactivates TRX-1/2 proteins by covalent binding to the active cysteine residues in the functional domain via Michael addition reactions. Since both TRX-1 and TRX-2 play key roles in regulating the redox signaling of cancer cells, the present findings may shed light on the relationship between protein binding and cellular ROS accumulation induced by 1. This provides support for the current clinical trials of gambogic acid (1) being conducted alone or in combination with other agents that appear to increase ROS generation in order to selectively kill cancer cells.