Easily Attainable, Efficient Solar Cell with Mass Yield of Nanorod Single-Crystalline Organo-Metal Halide Perovskite Based on a Ball Milling Technique

Generally, nanoparticles of CH3NH3PbI3 (MLI) powders are increasingly recognized for their applications in solar cells. In this article, a new substitutional path to efficient mass yield with crucial reaction rates was proposed for the synthesis of MLI using a ball milling technique. We compare between the condensation reflux strategy (RM) and the ball milling (BM) technique as synthetic routes to produce microparticles (RM-MLI) and nanoparticles (BM-MLI) from MLI microcrystalline powder. The change in crystal structures, microstructure, and optical characteristics was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and photoluminescence emission (PL). FESEM micrographs showed a plummet straight down in particle size from 10 mu m to similar to 30 nm. The nanorods morphology was elucidated with transmission electron microscope (TEM). Optical absorption measurements indicate that compounds behaved with the characteristic of direct band gap with E-g recorded at 1.50 and 1.56 eV for RM-MLI and BM-MLI, respectively. The two samples exhibited an intense near-IR photoluminescence (PL) emission in the 700-800 nm range at room temperature. The Hall effect was displayed as p-type semiconductors resulting from the positive sign of the Hall coefficient. Typically, with Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) as a hole transport material, the perovskite-sensitized TiO2 film showed power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 7.33 and 9.63% with fill factor records of 0.61 and 0.66 for RM-MLI and BM-MLI, respectively. Meanwhile, the results gave a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 65% at 530 nm at AM 1.5G 1 sun intensity (100 mW cm(2)). Overall, this work gives an exceptionally simple, efficient methodology to synthesize MLI nanoparticles with efficient power conversion.